Chicago Format Guidelines

Chicago Style Formats and Examples

An Article in a Web Magazine

Footnote/Endnote Format
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article,Title of Periodical, Date of access, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Barron YoungSmith, "Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships," Slate, February 4, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

Bibliographical Format

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical, Date of access, URL.

Bibliographical Example

YoungSmith, Barron. "Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships." Slate, February 4, 2009. http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

A Database Article

Footnote/Endnote Format
First Name Last Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page number, accessed Date of access, DOI or URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example
Henry E. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 4, 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Bibliographical Format

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page number, accessed Date of access, DOI or URL.

Bibliographical Example

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 0-145. Accessed December 4, 2017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

A Book by a Single Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of Lord of the Rings (London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2011), 92.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Tolkien, J.R.R. The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of Lord of the Rings. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2011.

A Book with Two Authors

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example
Randy Krehbiel and Karlos K. Hill, Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021), 138.

Bibliographical Format
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example
Krehbiel, Randy, and Karlos K. Hill. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.

Book with No Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Scholastic Library Pub., 2006), 297.

Bibliographical Format

Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, CT: Scholastic Library Pub., 2006.

A Book by a Single Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Randy Krehbiel. Tulsa, 1921 : Reporting a Massacre (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019), https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2218101&site=ehost-live.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Krehbiel, Randy. Tulsa, 1921 : Reporting a Massacre. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2218101&site=ehost-live.

A Book with Two Authors

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Karin Perry, Holly Weimar, and Mary Ann Bell. 2018. Sketchnoting in School : Discover the Benefits (and Fun) of Visual Note Taking. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1628637&site=ehost-live..

Bibliographical Format
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Perry, Karin, Holly Weimar, and Mary Ann Bell. 2018. Sketchnoting in School : Discover the Benefits (and Fun) of Visual Note Taking. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1628637&site=ehost-live.

Acknowledgement

You do need to credit ChatGPT and similar tools whenever you use the text that they generate in your own work. But for most types of writing, you can simply acknowledge the AI tool in your text (e.g., “The following recipe for pizza dough was generated by ChatGPT”).

Formal Citations

Used for a student paper or for a research article—a numbered footnote or endnote might look like this:

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.

ChatGPT stands in as “author” of the content, and OpenAI (the company that developed ChatGPT) is the publisher or sponsor, followed by the date the text was generated. After that, the URL tells us where the ChatGPT tool may be found, but because readers can’t necessarily get to the cited content (see below), that URL isn’t an essential element of the citation.

If the prompt hasn’t been included in the text, it can be included in the note:

1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” OpenAI, March 7, 2023.

If you’ve edited the AI-generated text, you should say so in the text or at the end of the note (e.g., “edited for style and content”). But you don’t need to say, for example, that you’ve applied smart quotes or adjusted the font; changes like those can be imposed silently 

Author-Date Citation

If you’re using author-date instead of notes, any information not in the text would be placed in a parenthetical text reference. For example, “(ChatGPT, March 7, 2023).”

But don’t cite ChatGPT in a bibliography or reference list unless you provide a publicly available link (e.g., via a browser extension like ShareGPT or A.I. Archives).

References

“The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition.” The Chicago Manual of Style Online.  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html.

Web Page with Known Author and Date

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, "Tite of Web Page," accessed Date Accessed, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Richard Kimberly Heck, “About the Philosophical Gourmet Report,” accessed August 5, 2016, http://rgheck.frege.org/philosophy/aboutpgr.php.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. "Tite of Web Page." Accessed Date Accessed. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Heck, Richard Kimberly. “About the Philosophical Gourmet Report.” Accessed August 5, 2016. http://rgheck.frege.org/philosophy/aboutpgr.php.

Web Page with Unknown Author and Date

Footnote/Endnote Format

"Tite of Web Page," accessed Date Accessed, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

“Band,” Casa de Calexico, accessed October 27, 2017, http://www.casadecalexico.com/band.

Bibliographical Format

"Tite of Web Page." Accessed Date Accessed. URL.

Bibliographical Example

“Band.” Casa de Calexico. Accessed October 27, 2017. http://www.casadecalexico.com/band.

Twitter with Known Legal Name

Footnote/Endnote Format

Firstname Lastname (Screen name), “Post text”, social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

Bibliographical Format

Lastname, Firstname (Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

Twitter with Unknown Legal Name

Footnote/Endnote Format

(@Screen name), “Post text”, social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example
(@LeVostreGC), "Ther nys no partye lyke an Unexpected Partye, by cause an Unexpected Partye doth leade to a lengthye journeye to the Lonelye Mountayne.", Twitter, January 5, 2016, 11:49 AM. twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/684461734879313920.

Bibliographical Format

(@Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Bibliographical Example
(@LeVostreGC). "Ther nys no partye lyke an Unexpected Partye, by cause an Unexpected Partye doth leade to a lengthye journeye to the Lonelye Mountayne.". Twitter, January 5, 2016, 11:49 AM. twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/684461734879313920.

Because authors are generally expected to be intimately familiar with the sources they are citing, Chicago discourages the use of a source that was cited within another (secondary) source. In the case that an original source is utterly unavailable, however, Chicago requires the use of "quoted in" for the note:

Example

Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 103, quoted in Manuel DeLanda, A New Philosophy of Society (New York: Continuum, 2006), 2.