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Research & Writing Process

A walk-through on the entire research process. Includes tips and examples to help you decipher your assignment, make a research plan, choose a topic, find your sources, and write your papers.

Chicago Style Formats and Examples

An Article in a Web Magazine

Footnote/Endnote Format
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article,Title of Periodical, Date of access, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Barron YoungSmith, "Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships," Slate, February 4, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

Bibliographical Format

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical, Date of access, URL.

Bibliographical Example

YoungSmith, Barron. "Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships." Slate, February 4, 2009. http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

A Database Article

Footnote/Endnote Format
First Name Last Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page number, accessed Date of access, DOI or URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example
Henry E. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 4, 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Bibliographical Format

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article,Title of Periodical volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page number, accessed Date of access, DOI or URL.

Bibliographical Example

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 0-145. Accessed December 4, 2017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

A Book by a Single Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of Lord of the Rings (London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2011), 92.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Tolkien, J.R.R. The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of Lord of the Rings. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2011.

A Book with Two Authors

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example
Randy Krehbiel and Karlos K. Hill, Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021), 138.

Bibliographical Format
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example
Krehbiel, Randy, and Karlos K. Hill. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.

Book with No Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Scholastic Library Pub., 2006), 297.

Bibliographical Format

Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, CT: Scholastic Library Pub., 2006.

A Book by a Single Author

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Randy Krehbiel. Tulsa, 1921 : Reporting a Massacre (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019), https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2218101&site=ehost-live.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Krehbiel, Randy. Tulsa, 1921 : Reporting a Massacre. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2218101&site=ehost-live.

A Book with Two Authors

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Karin Perry, Holly Weimar, and Mary Ann Bell. 2018. Sketchnoting in School : Discover the Benefits (and Fun) of Visual Note Taking. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1628637&site=ehost-live..

Bibliographical Format
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Bibliographical Example

Perry, Karin, Holly Weimar, and Mary Ann Bell. 2018. Sketchnoting in School : Discover the Benefits (and Fun) of Visual Note Taking. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.tstc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1628637&site=ehost-live.

Web Page with Known Author and Date

Footnote/Endnote Format

First name Last name, "Tite of Web Page," accessed Date Accessed, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Richard Kimberly Heck, “About the Philosophical Gourmet Report,” accessed August 5, 2016, http://rgheck.frege.org/philosophy/aboutpgr.php.

Bibliographical Format

Last name, First name. "Tite of Web Page." Accessed Date Accessed. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Heck, Richard Kimberly. “About the Philosophical Gourmet Report.” Accessed August 5, 2016. http://rgheck.frege.org/philosophy/aboutpgr.php.

Web Page with Unknown Author and Date

Footnote/Endnote Format

"Tite of Web Page," accessed Date Accessed, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

“Band,” Casa de Calexico, accessed October 27, 2017, http://www.casadecalexico.com/band.

Bibliographical Format

"Tite of Web Page." Accessed Date Accessed. URL.

Bibliographical Example

“Band.” Casa de Calexico. Accessed October 27, 2017. http://www.casadecalexico.com/band.

Twitter with Known Legal Name

Footnote/Endnote Format

Firstname Lastname (Screen name), “Post text”, social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp, URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example

Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

Bibliographical Format

Lastname, Firstname (Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Bibliographical Example

Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

Twitter with Unknown Legal Name

Footnote/Endnote Format

(@Screen name), “Post text”, social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Footnote/Endnote Example
(@LeVostreGC), "Ther nys no partye lyke an Unexpected Partye, by cause an Unexpected Partye doth leade to a lengthye journeye to the Lonelye Mountayne.", Twitter, January 5, 2016, 11:49 AM. twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/684461734879313920.

Bibliographical Format

(@Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Bibliographical Example
(@LeVostreGC). "Ther nys no partye lyke an Unexpected Partye, by cause an Unexpected Partye doth leade to a lengthye journeye to the Lonelye Mountayne.". Twitter, January 5, 2016, 11:49 AM. twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/684461734879313920.

Because authors are generally expected to be intimately familiar with the sources they are citing, Chicago discourages the use of a source that was cited within another (secondary) source. In the case that an original source is utterly unavailable, however, Chicago requires the use of "quoted in" for the note:

Example

Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 103, quoted in Manuel DeLanda, A New Philosophy of Society (New York: Continuum, 2006), 2.