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What is a resume?

A resume summarizes your education, employment history, and expertise in relation to specific job postings to which you are applying. 

The purpose of your resume and cover letter is to get an interview.  You need to market yourself on about 1 page to a potential employer, showing them that you have the skills and experience for their needs.  

Parts of a resume

The Contact Information Section should include all methods of getting in touch with you.

Your name should typically appear at the top of the resume in a relatively large, readable font (don't get carried away with fancy or elaborate font styles). Your contact information should appear directly below that. You do not need to label it as such; it simply appears below your name. At the minimum, your contact information should include the following:

  • cell phone number
  • e-mail address

Often, people also include the following contact points:

  • current address
  • personal web page

If you are a student, you might need to include your school address and your permanent address. However, if you do so, it is beneficial to include what dates you will be at each address. It is always a good idea to make it as easy as possible for potential employers to find you.

If your contact information changes, it is crucial that you notify potential employers. For instance, if you move or change email addresses, it is a good idea to notify any employers who might have your resume on file. You can either resend your new resume with the current contact information and a note explaining that your information has changed, or you can send an email to the Human Resources department asking them to change the information on their copy of your resume.

The Education Section is the place to detail your educational history.

What to include

In the Education Section, you typically discuss the highest degree you earned. Therefore, if you have a college degree, you would NOT include information about where you went to high school. If you attended college or a technical school but did not receive a degree, you should state how long you attended and your field of study. You must be clear, however, that you did not receive a degree. If you did not attend college or a vocational school, then you would include information about your high school education or GED.

The Education Section must include pertinent facts about your education. It should include the following:

  • name of the institution where you earned your highest degree
  • city and state of the institution
  • when you graduated or received the degree
  • what specific degree was earned
  • any minors and/or double majors.

Typically, people include their GPA although you are not required to do so. Keep in mind, though, that if you do not put it on your résumé, potential employers may assume that you omitted it because it was bad. Generally, if you have a 3.0 or lower, you may want to omit your GPA.

How to format the section.

Formatting is important in the Education Section because there are often many bits of information that do not require full sentences or much space. In order to avoid a choppy list of short items going down the left-hand side of the page, you might want to consider columns that will allow you to include several short bits of information on one line. Remember, however, that if you do set up columns in this section, you will want them to visually match any other formatting you might do in any other sections of your resume. For instance, if you place the city and state of your educational institution on the right-hand side of the page, you will most likely also want to put the city and state for each of your employers (in the Work Experience Section) along the right-hand side of the page.

The Work Experience Section is the place for detailing your previous employment information. This section can be called Work Experience, Work History, Employment History, Employment Experience, Relevant Experience, or whatever else indicates the type of information that is included. For instance, if you have really great volunteer experience in the field to which you are applying, you may want to title this section Relevant Experience rather than Employment Experience, in order to accurately represent the information.

What to include

This section typically includes the following:

  • names of the companies you worked for
  • city and state for each company
  • titles/positions you held
  • your employment dates for each job
  • duties you performed.

This section can also include any promotions you might have gotten while on a job.

Detailing the duties you performed, though, is perhaps the most important part of the Work Experience Section. You must be not only accurate and concise but also highlight those duties that are most relevant to the position you are seeking. While it is acceptable to write full sentences in paragraph form for each position you held, it is more common to create a bulleted list of the duties you performed.

If you choose to create a bulleted list, be aware that each bullet must be in parallel form (which means that each item must be grammatically formatted the same). It is also a good idea that you put each item in the active voice and use powerful action verbs. Each job should have a minimum of three bulleted items with the most relevant duties listed first. Take some time to really think over what you actually accomplished for the job, list the specific activities and duties that you were responsible for, and craft exciting and concise bulleted items representing those activities.

The following items illustrate examples you can model:

Durango     *     Austin, TX     *     May 2023 - Present

  • Supervised 10 line cooks.
  • Monitored and maintained kitchen supplies and sanitary conditions.
  • Prepared daily special dishes featuring Mexican, Venezuelan, and American Southwest cuisine.

How to format the section.

Formatting is crucial for the Work Experience Section because you must convey a lot of information quickly and concisely. You may want to consider columns in order to conserve space. You might consider putting the company name in a left-hand column, the city and state in a center column, and your employment dates in a right-hand column. Remember, if you used columns in any other section of the resume, you must make sure they visually complement the columns you use in the Work Experience section.

Tips on handling different types of work experience.

Because each person's work history is unique, you may have unusual circumstances to represent on your resume. If you have worked for one company for many years and held several positions, you can list each position separately. If you are applying for a position outside of the field most of your work experience is in, you can also list relevant volunteer experience and community service. If this is the case, you might also want to consider a Skills Resume, in which you group bulleted items by skills and abilities rather than by company or job.

If you are a student, your resume might contain summer jobs that are not relevant to the position for which you are applying. If this is the case, remember that you honed skills in every job. Be creative and thoughtful in creating these lists. For example, if you worked at McDonald's, you learned how to do the following:

  • function efficiently in a team
  • work responsibly in a time-sensitive environment
  • maintain flexibility in duties from shift to shift.

As your work experience becomes more relevant to your field, you can drop off the oldest summer jobs until all of your listed work experience is relevant to your field.

It can be difficult to know how to represent periods of unemployment. Consider listing what you were doing during that time period. For example, if you took time off work to raise your children, you can put Homemaker (or what you prefer) on the resume and detail some of what you accomplished. In addition, you can list volunteer work or community service if you were not actually employed during that time period. If you took any classes (even if you did not obtain a degree), you can list the educational activities you were involved in during that time.

This section of the resume highlights the relevant activities you have been involved with and the honors you have received that you could discuss with your prospective employer. You also want to communicate how these activities and honors might make you an asset to the organization.

What to include

  • Academic awards and scholarships
  • Membership in campus, national, or international organizations
  • Leadership positions held in campus, national, or international organizations
  • University and community service positions
  • Work-related awards or honors
  • Date of award or dates of involvement in an activity

Examples:

  • Titan Industry Student Scholarship 2021
  • Placed gold in Advertising Design at 2023 SkillsUSA SE Regional Competition
  • Student Representative, Texas State Technical College Library Committee August 2020-December 2022
  • Coach, local middle school soccer team August 2018-May 2020

Why write an honors and activities section?

  • To customize your resume for specific positions
  • To provide evidence of your qualifications
  • To demonstrate that your work has been recognized as of a high quality by others
  • To provide evidence that you are a well-rounded person
  • To stand out and show how unique of an individual you are
  • To reflect your values and commitment

Where should you place this section?

The honors and activities section is generally placed after the education and experience sections of the resume. Since this section is usually the last one on the resume, you can include as many or as few honors and activities as space permits.

Content to consider.

Scholarships

  • Robert C. Byrd Four-year Academic Scholarship 2018-2021
  • Alfred H. Nolle Scholarship by the Alpha Chi National Honor Society 2019-2020

Academic Honors

  • Chancellor's Honor Roll 2020-present
  • Who's Who Among College and University Students 2023

Leadership Positions

  • Beta Iota Phi (International College Honor Society) Vice-President 2023-2024
  • Event Coordinator, Aspiring Artists Club 2022-2024

Membership in Professional Organizations

  • National Student Nursing Association 2020-present

University Service Positions

  • Freshmen Engineering Academic Tutor 2023-2024
  • Residence Assistant 2022-2024

Community Service Positions

  • Taylor County Adult Reading Program Tutor 2020-present
  • Abilene Animal Shelter Volunteer 2016-present

While not all resumes contain a skills section, a skills section may be helpful when you want to emphasize the skills you have acquired from your various jobs or activities, rather than the duties, or the job title. If you do not have enough previous experience for a specific job you are seeking for, it is important to emphasize your skills pertaining to that job.

Prepare your skills section.

  • List jobs, activities, projects and special offices.
  • Think of skills you have gained through those experiences.
  • Group these skills into three to five job-related skills categories and use these as headings.
  • List your skills with significant details under the headings.
  • Arrange headings in order of importance as they relate to your career objective.
  • Arrange skills under headings in order of importance according to your goal.

Skill example 1

Technical Skills Management Skills Soft Skills
Diagnostics Inventory management Collaboration
Engine repair Strategic planning Verbal communication
Performance tuning Quality assurance Conflict resolution
Electrical systems Cost control Organization

Skill example 2

  • Proficient in CNC machining
  • OSHA Trained
  • Can work Lathes Machines
  • CNC Milling Experience
  • Certified Forklift Driver
  • Experience with AutoCAD

Skill example 3

  • SAS, Python, HTML/XML, CSS, JavaScript, teamwork, analytical thinking, time management, preparing and analyzing report data, information organization, accuracy and attention to detail, adaptability and flexibility.

Skill example 4

  • Seo: Semrush, ahrefs, and linkbuilding techniques
  • Google: Ads, Analytics, and Tag Manager
  • Email Marketing: ActiveCampaign, Litmus, and SendGrid
  • Soft Skills: Verbal and written communication, storytelling, critical thinking, public speaking

Deciding resume length

As the job market becomes ever more competitive, you may need to use multiple pages to persuade a potential employer to grant you an interview. For resumes, limiting your document to one page is a good approach for new college graduates and high school students. Some employers may specifically ask for a one-page resume. However, do not shy away from adding that extra page of accomplishments—as long as it is relevant and persuasive.

When to use one-page resumes.

New college graduates and other entry-level job seekers tend to need a one-page resume for the following reasons.

The applicant does not have enough relevant experience to fill more than one page.

The situation requires the resume to focus on coursework and/or other leadership activities that connect you to the job you are seeking.

The resume must meet a job fairs' expectations.

The resume must meet a potential employer's expectations.

If you have less than ten years of experience, you may need to focus on one/two jobs, which may shorten your resume to one page.

Focus on skills you have obtained.

Do not record every single action of that job to take up space; emphasize the relevant duties.

If you are pursuing a radical career change, much of your experience may not be relevant to the new job.

Focus on the relevant skills you have obtained.

Do not stretch your information to cover more than one page if you cannot relate it to your current goal in some way.

 

When to use two-page resumes.

Some new college graduates and other entry-level job seekers do have the experience to qualify for a two-page resume.

Some employers require a second, separate page for references.

The length of the document depends on relevant jobs, internships, extracurricular involvement, and leadership.

Do not make your font smaller than 10 or your margins less than 1 inch. If you must do this to fit a one-page resume, consider the two-page format.

Remember that some recruiters at job fairs will accept a two-page resume, but you should bring a one-page version to be safe.

Always ask a company if they accept two-page resumes before sending one.

Consider a two-page resume if you are above entry-level positions, but below the executive level.

You should include the various jobs/duties you have held.

If you are seeking a job that requires technical/engineering/scientific skills, you may need a second page.

You should list/prove your technical/scientific knowledge and/or experience.

 

When to use three-page resumes.

 If you are a senior-level manager/executive, your resume may require three or more pages.

You should include a long record of leadership accomplishments.

You may be required to give very specific details of your past duties because you will be given more responsibility at the job you are seeking.

You should possibly include examples of your vision, flexibility, ethics, integrity, etc.

Tips on making a second or third page

Before you make your resume longer, you should first ask employers if they even accept two-page resumes. If they do, then you should plan the extra pages. For instance, you may want to focus an extra page on key leaderships skills or projects. You could even title that page to reflect its focus. Then, you could list and describe projects you led in classes, organizations, sororities/fraternities, etc.

You may find that the extra pages work best as supplemental sheets. Such sheets could list presentations, awards, technical skills, etc. If you use this option, you could pick and choose which sheets to send to what employer. For example, you may send a detailed list of your technical skills to a computer company, but you would send a list of your research awards and presentations to a research firm.

Extra pages can:

  • Focus on leadership skills/projects
  • Work as supplemental sheets to list certain points that specific audiences would want to know.

Extra pages must:

  • Be coherent
  • Be organized
  • Not make your reader lose interest

Resume resources