Sociology Topics

Recommended websites

Arcronyms

  • AAPI/API – Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders
  • BIPOC – Black, Indigenous, & People of Color
  • LGBTQIA – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual
  • POC – People/Person of Color
  • WOC – Woman/Women of Color

Source: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms - University of Texas Libraries Diversity Action Committee

Terms

  • Ableism: Ableism is discrimination against people with disabilities. This means expressions of fear or hate for people with disabilities, a denial of accessibility, as well as institutionalized discrimination. Ableism was first defined in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1981.— Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Anti-racist practice – “To be antiracist is to think nothing is behaviorally wrong or right — inferior or superior — with any of the racial groups. Whenever the antiracist sees individuals behaving positively or negatively, the antiracist sees exactly that: individuals behaving positively or negatively, not representatives of whole races. To be antiracist is to deracialize behavior, to remove the tattooed stereotype from every racialized body. Behavior is something humans do, not races do.”
    — Source: Ibram X. Kendi, How to be an antiracist
  • Cisgender – Cisgender is a gender identity term used to describe people who identify as the gender/sex they were assigned at birth.  For example, if a doctor said “it’s a boy!” when you were born, and you identify as a man, then you could be described as cisgender.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Classism: Classism is systematic oppression and differential treatment of subordinated class groups to advantage dominant class groups. It is supported by a culture of attitudes and values that assigns characteristics of worth and ability based on social class or perceived social class.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Code Switching – Linguistics: The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. Spanglish can be seen as code-switching in this context. Code-switching can also refer to shifting the way you speak depending on the social setting: for example, in your neighborhood vs. at work. This type of code-switching is often associated with marginalized speech, such as switching from African American Vernacular English (AAVE) to Standard American English.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Heteronormativity: Heteronormativity is a bias in favor of opposite-sex relationships, and against same-sex relationships, that places heterosexual relationships as the default and the norm, thereby positioning homosexual relationships as abnormal. Examples: laws the discriminate against same-sex relationships, the underrepresentation of same-sex couples.— Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Implicit Bias – “Also known as unconscious or hidden bias, implicit biases are negative associations that people unknowingly hold. They are expressed automatically, without conscious awareness. Many studies have indicated that implicit biases affect individuals’ attitudes and actions, thus creating real-world implications, even though individuals may not even be aware that those biases exist within themselves. Notably, implicit biases have been shown to trump individuals’ stated commitments to equality and fairness, thereby producing behavior that diverges from the explicit attitudes that many people profess. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is often used to measure implicit biases with regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, and other topics.”
    — Source: Cheryl Staats, State of the Science Implicit Bias Review 2013, Kirwan Institute, The Ohio State University
  • Individual Oppression: "The beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate privilege & oppression. Individual (racism/sexism/heterosexism/ableism/etc.) can occur at both an unconscious and conscious level and can be both active and passive. Examples include telling a “____-ist” joke, using a racial/gender/religious/etc. the epithet, or believing in the inherent superiority of a group of people.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Intersectionality – “Intersectionality was a lived reality before it became a term. … Intersectionality is an analytic sensibility, a way of thinking about identity and its relationship to power. Originally articulated on behalf of black women, the term brought to light the invisibility of many constituents within groups that claim them as members, but often fail to represent them. Intersectional erasures are not exclusive to black women. People of color within LGBTQ movements; girls of color in the fight against the school-to-prison pipeline; women within immigration movements; trans women within feminist movements; and people with disabilities fighting police abuse — all face vulnerabilities that reflect the intersections of racism, sexism, class oppression, transphobia, able-ism and more”
    — Source: Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Why Intersectionality Can’t Wait,” 2015.
  • Institutional Oppression: "The network of institutionalized structures, policies, and practices that create advantages and benefits for dominant group members. And creates discrimination, oppression, and disadvantages for subordinated (marginalized communities) group members. The advantages for dominant group members are often invisible to them or are considered entitlements or rights available to everyone as opposed to unearned privileges awarded to only some individuals or groups. Institutions may be Housing, Government, Education, Media, Business, Health Care, Criminal Justice, Employment, Labor, Politics, Religious Organizations, etc." 
    — SourceAllyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries.
  • Internalized Oppression: "When members of a target social group adopt the agent group’s ideology and accept their subordinate status, prejudices, and/or stereotypes as deserved, natural, or inevitable."
    — SourceAllyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries.
  • Microaggression: Microaggressions are commonplace verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights and insults in relation to race, gender identification, sexuality, class, language, etc. They are structurally based and invoke systems of racial (or gender, class, …) hierarchy. The reason “micro” is used is that this is looking at racial hierarchy based on the individual level, where are macro level analyses are looking at structures as a whole.  
    — Source: Sue, D.W. et al. (2007) Racial Microagressions in Everyday Life. American Psychologist62(4), 271-286.
  • Oppression: Institutionalized power that is historically formed and perpetuated over time and allows "certain groups" of people to assume a dominant position over other groups and this dominance is maintained and continued at an institutional level. this means that oppression is built into institutions like government and educational systems. 
    — Source: D
  • Prejudice:  Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.
    — Source: McLeod, S. A. (2008). Prejudice and Discrimination.
  • Privilege: Unearned, special advantage that a person is born into or acquires during their lifetime. It's supported by informal and formal institutions of society and conferred to all members of a dominant group. Privilege implies that whenever there is a system of oppression( such as capitalism, patriarchy, or white supremacy)  there is an oppressed and privileged group that benefits from oppressions that the system puts in place. 
    — Source: Colors of Resistance Archive
  • Racial Justice – “The proactive reinforcement of policies, practices, attitudes and actions that produce equitable power, access, opportunities, treatment, impacts and outcomes for all.”
    — Source: Race Forward, Race Reporting Guide
  • Racism – “Racism is the coupling of prejudice with power, where the dominant racial group (which in a white supremacist society is people with white privilege) is able to dominate over all over racial groups and negatively affect those racial groups at all levels–personally, systematically, and institutionally.”
    — Source: Layla F. Saad, Me and White Supremacy
  • Socio-Economic Status – An intersectional representation of social class, which is often indicated by a combination of a person’s education, occupation, social capital, and income.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries. 
  • Structural Violence / Oppression – Johann Galtung, in “Violence, Peace and Peace Research” (1969, Journal of Peace Research), introduced the concept of “structural violence,” to refer to any constraint on human potential due to economic and political structures. Unequal access to resources, to political power, to education, to health care, or to legal standing are forms of structural violence. It is often pointed out that more people die as a result of poverty, derived from global economic and social inequalities, than die as a result of wars and genocides. In a similar way, some scholars talk of the “violence of representation,” in which ideological social categories violate the self-ascribed identities of individuals and social groups.
    — Source: Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology
  • Tone Policing – “Tone policing is when someone (usually the privileged person) in a conversation or situation about oppression shifts the focus of the conversation from the oppression being discussed to the way it is being discussed. Tone policing prioritizes the comfort of the privileged person in the situation over the oppression of the disadvantaged person.”
    — Source: Ijeoma Oluo, So you want to talk about race
  • White Fragility – “White fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as tears, argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium .White people in North America live in a social environment that protects and insulates them from race-based stress. This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to…White Fragility.”
    — Source: Robin DiAngelo, White Fragility why it’s so hard for White people to talk about racism
  • White Privilege – “It’s the level of societal advantage that comes with being seen as the norm in America, automatically conferred irrespective of wealth, gender or other factors. It makes life smoother, but it’s something you would barely notice unless it were suddenly taken away — or unless it had never applied to you in the first place.”
    — Source: Christine Emba, “What is White Privilege” in The Washington Post
  • White Supremacy – “White supremacy is an ideology, a paradigm, an institutional system, and a worldview that you have been born into by virtue of your white privilege…. [T]he historic and modern legislating, societal conditioning, and systemic institutionalizing of the construction of whiteness as inherently superior to people of other races.”
    — Source: Layla F. Saad, Me and White Supremacy
  • Xenophobia – An unreasonable fear, distrust, or hatred of strangers, foreign peoples, or anything perceived as foreign or different.
    — Source: Allyship and Anti-Oppression: A Resource Guide from TriCollege Libraries.